Transformation of Jurisdictional Arrangements: A Comparative Study Between the Old and New Criminal Codes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70742/arlash.v3i1.782Keywords:
Criminal Jurisdiction; New Indonesian Criminal Code; International Criminal Law; Transnational CrimeAbstract
This paper investigates the transformation of criminal jurisdiction regulation in Indonesia following the passage of the new Criminal Code, Law Number 1 of 2023. It focuses on a comparative comparison of the old Criminal Code and the new framework, notably in terms of compatibility with international criminal law principles and effectiveness in combating transnational crime. Using a normative (doctrinal) legal research approach, this study examines legislative provisions and legal concepts relating jurisdiction, such as territoriality, active and passive nationality, protection, and universality principles. The findings show that the new Criminal Code represents a substantial paradigm change from a primarily territorial jurisdiction to a more comprehensive and flexible framework. It has various jurisdictional bases that are generally recognized in international law, increasing the state's ability to respond to cross-border crimes such as money laundering, human trafficking, and cybercrime. From a normative standpoint, the new regulation shows more alignment with international legal standards and provides a more adaptable legal base. However, from an empirical standpoint, the efficiency of this extended jurisdiction depends on institutional readiness, inter-state collaboration mechanisms, and the incorporation of supporting legislative instruments such as extradition and mutual legal assistance. To avoid jurisdictional excess, jurisdictional growth must be balanced with the protection of human rights, such as fair trial guarantees and respect for state sovereignty. To summarize, while the new Criminal Code reflects a constructive legislative development, its practical effectiveness is dependent on consistent implementation, institutional capability, and increased international cooperation.
[Artikel ini mengkaji transformasi pengaturan yurisdiksi pidana di Indonesia pasca diberlakukannya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) baru melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023. Kajian ini berfokus pada perbandingan antara KUHP lama dan kerangka hukum baru, khususnya dalam aspek kesesuaiannya dengan prinsip-prinsip hukum pidana internasional serta efektivitasnya dalam menghadapi kejahatan transnasional. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian hukum normatif (doktrinal), penelitian ini menganalisis ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan dan konsep-konsep hukum yang berkaitan dengan yurisdiksi pidana, seperti prinsip teritorialitas, nasionalitas aktif dan pasif, perlindungan (protection principle), serta universalitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUHP baru merepresentasikan perubahan paradigma yang signifikan, dari yurisdiksi yang semula berorientasi terutama pada prinsip teritorial menuju kerangka yurisdiksi yang lebih komprehensif dan fleksibel. KUHP baru mengakomodasi berbagai dasar yurisdiksi yang diakui dalam hukum internasional, sehingga memperkuat kapasitas negara dalam merespons kejahatan lintas batas, seperti pencucian uang, perdagangan orang, dan kejahatan siber. Dari perspektif normatif, pengaturan baru ini menunjukkan tingkat harmonisasi yang lebih baik dengan standar hukum internasional serta menyediakan landasan hukum yang lebih adaptif terhadap perkembangan kejahatan modern. Namun demikian, dari perspektif empiris, efektivitas penerapan perluasan yurisdiksi tersebut sangat bergantung pada kesiapan kelembagaan, mekanisme kerja sama antarnegara, serta integrasi instrumen hukum pendukung seperti ekstradisi dan bantuan hukum timbal balik (mutual legal assistance). Untuk menghindari potensi ekses yurisdiksi, perluasan kewenangan tersebut harus diimbangi dengan perlindungan hak asasi manusia, termasuk jaminan peradilan yang adil (fair trial) dan penghormatan terhadap kedaulatan negara. Dengan demikian, meskipun KUHP baru mencerminkan perkembangan legislasi yang konstruktif, efektivitas implementasinya dalam praktik sangat ditentukan oleh konsistensi pelaksanaan, kapasitas institusional, dan penguatan kerja sama internasional.]
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